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THE REPRESENTATION OF TURKISH WOMEN IN ENGLISH TRAVEL WRITING AND TURKISH WOMAN AS THE JUSTIFIED ‘OTHER’ IN TURKISH EMBASSY LETTERSEdward Said says in Culture and Imperialism that the studies about the Middle East have been dominated by masculism and he shows the significance of women’s role in undermining this dominance by demonstrating the “diversity and complexity of experience that works beneath the totalizing discourses of Orientalism and of Middle East (overwhelmingly male) nationalism” (Said, 1979, p. 24). In my study, I showcase the certain complicity between Orientalism’s imperialist functions and Western feminism. The feminist, orientalist, and imperialist tendencies reflect the very Enlightenment idea of Western European women as the “sole signifier of civilization” (Yeğenoglu, 1998, p. 106). Although writers like Wollstonecraft, Evans, and Chevers happen to be the repetitive voice of their male counterparts and of previous generations, other women writers, like Lady Mary Montagu, project their own life experiences into literature that sheds light on the dark corners of the Orient. Lady Mary Montagu with her Turkish Embassy Letters is one of the most important contributors for the unbiased portrayal of Ottoman life during the imperial era. She fearlessly deconstructs the common assumptions and claims about the oppression of Muslim women in her Ottoman accounts.
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An Assessment of Pioneering Turkish Medical Manuscript of Islamic Period from the General Perspective of Turkish Medical Science and DeontologyAbstract Turks, who were under the influence of the Middle-Age Islamic Medicine Literature, had written 50 medical books using the Olden Anatolian Turkish. The medical information these books included were ahead of the time period that they were written and they also provided considerable medical information for the current time period. Most of the authors of these medical books were medical doctors and they comprehended various disciplines of medicine. Furthermore, these books included information on the prognostication, diagnostics, and therapy of many illnesses in accordance with experimental medicine and also the term “Matiere Medicale” was mentioned in these books. Some of these medical books included information about methods and techniques of some surgical operational procedures by using drawings; others included drawings and explanation of medical treatment processes for the first time in Islamic Medicine. When these books are analyzed from the 20th Century medical science perspective, it is obvious that they included original and popular information, which contributed considerably to the current medical science and medical deontology.
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Formation Process of the Turkish Religious Education and An Overview of Today’s Turkish Religious EducationConsidering the religious education formation process during the republican period, it is clear that the religious education approaches within the Turkish national education system shows differentiations in certain time periods. This is a direct process that can be associated with Turkey’s political and social process. It has to be stated that covering the Turkish religious education system, this study is focused on a religious education centered or Islamic religion. This is because autonomy has been granted to the religious freedom and religious organizations of non-Muslim population during the Republican Turkey as was in the Ottoman Period, which has been, in a sense, confirmed with the Lausanne Treaty signed on July 24, 1923. Today, freedom of belief and religious education rights of non-Muslims (Jews and Christians) living in Turkey continues in the same manner, with no change, as from the signing of Lausanne Treaty. Political and social experiences focusing on religious education during the early period of the Republic have affected this process almost never