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Clinical Features, Presence of Human Herpesvirus-8 and Treatment Results in Classic Kaposi SarcomaBackground and Design: Classic Kaposi sarcoma (KS) occurs predominantly among the elderly, with Jews, Italians and Greeks. Classic KS has been seen relatively frequently in Turkey. Our aim was to evaluate the demographic, clinical features of Kaposi sarcoma and etiopathological role of human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8). Treatment results of 18 classic Kaposi’s sarcoma were also concluded.Material and Method: Eighteen cases of classic Kaposi sarcoma diagnosed as clinically and histopathologically between January 2001 and August 2008 in our dermatology department were taken to this study. Demographic, clinical features and treatment results were reviewed retrospectively in all patients. HHV-8 was investigated in the lesional skin of 7 patients.Results: A male/female ratio of 2/1 was found. Mean age at diagnosis was 67.2 (37-94) years. Bilaterally lower extremities were involved in 15 patients (83.3%), the trunk was involved in 3 patients (16.6%). Plaques and nodules were the common type of lesions (66.6% and 55.5%). Nine patients had no symptoms (50%). Edema was the most common symptom (38.8%). A second primary malignancy was found in 2 patients (11.1%). HHV-8 was detected in 6 of the 7 patients(85.7%). Majority of the patients were treated with interferon alfa (subcutaneously) and cryotherapy as a monotherapy or a combination therapy. Imiquimod was the second agent in combined treatment (27.7%). Conclusion: We suggest that interferon alfa and imiquimod can be used as first line therapy agents with their antiviral and immunmodulatuar features in the treatment of KKS. (Turkderm 2008; 42: 122-6)
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The Effect of Using Sewerage System on Incidence of Acute Diarrhoea on Children under Five Years Old in Bandar-Anzali City in Guilan Province in 2009-Phase IBackgroun and objective:The scarce water resources and Poor quality drinking water with the lack of a proper sewage collection and disposal system and increasing management problems due to rapid population growth made Islamic Republic of Iran to pay priority attention to the water and sewerage problems of districts in its five-year development plan. In this regard, water and sewerage project in Bandar Anzali became a priority by Guilan province Urban Water and Sewerage Company with the government partnership and World Bank financial support. The objective of this study is to complete the first phase of a two-phase study to determine the impact of using an urban sewerage system on acute Diarrhoea in children under five years of age in Bandar-Anzali in the Guilan province.Materails and methods: The study is a concurrent control before and after field trial which is carried out in two stages: before (phase I) and after (phase II). Sampling for phase I was performed in the middle month of each season, November and February 2009 and May and August 2010. The incidence of acute Diarrhoea was measured with the participation of 2400 mothers of children under 5 years old in the city of Bandar-Anzali in two groups: the intervention group (inside the sewerage system project perimeters) and the control group (outside the project perimeters). Data were collected by local female general practitioners and medical students in each city, under supervision of the community medicine department and by door-to-door interview with mothers. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 11.5 software package and the Pearson Chi-Square was used to compare qualitative variables between groups, and the t-test and One-Way ANOVA was used to compare quantitative variables.Results: The annual incidence of acute diarrhoea in children under five years old was 11.9%. The seasonal pattern of acut diarrheoa incidence was 12.6% in May, 13.3 in August, 11.5% in November, and 10.3% in February respectively. The highest incidence of acute diarrhoea was seen in children from 2 to 5 years of age.Conclusion: The study showed the incidence of acute diarrhoea on children under five years old in Bandar-Anzali city is moderate and it follows a seasonal pattern. The highest rate was seen in summer and the lowest rate in winter. It is expected to decrease with the initiation of the sewerage system program.
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Lipid nanoparticles with accessible nickel as a vaccine delivery system for single and multiple his-tagged HIV antigensWeili Yan1, Anekant Jain1, Ronan O’Carra2,  Jerold G Woodward3,  Wenxue Li4, Guanhan Li4, Avindra Nath4,  Russell J Mumper11Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and the Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; 2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky; 3Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics,  University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; 4Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USAAbstract: Lipid-based nanoparticles (NPs) with a small amount of surface-chelated nickel (Ni-NPs) were developed to easily formulate the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) his-tagged Tat (his-Tat) protein, as well as to formulate and co-deliver two HIV antigens (his-p24 and his-Nef) on one particle. Female BALB/c mice were immunized by subcutaneous injection with his-Tat/Ni-NP formulation (1.5 µg his-Tat/mouse) and control formulations on day 0 and 14. The day 28 anti-Tat specific immunoglobulin G titer with his-Tat/Ni-NPs was significantly greater than that with Alum/his-Tat. Furthermore, splenocytes from his-Tat/Ni-NP-immunized mice secreted significantly higher IFN-γ than those from mice immunized with Alum/his-Tat. Although Ni-NPs did not show better adjuvant activity than Tat-coated anionic NPs made with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS/NPs), they were less toxic than SDS/NPs. The initial results indicated that co-immunization of mice using his-p24/his-Nef/Ni-NP induced greater antibody response compared to using Alum/his-p24/his-Nef. Co-delivery of two antigens using Ni-NPs also increased the immunogenicity of individual antigens compared to delivery of a single antigen by Ni-NPs. In conclusion, Ni-NPs are an efficient delivery system for HIV vaccines including both single antigen delivery and multiple antigen co-delivery.Keywords: nanoparticle, nickel, HIV, antigen co-delivery, vaccine