Une mesure de la propension des policiers québécois à dénoncer des comportements dérogatoires, éléments de culture policière et cultures organisationnelles
Author(s)
Alain, MarcKeywords
POLICE AU QUÉBECCULTURE POLICIÈRE
ÉTHIQUE POLICIÈRE
COMPORTE - MENTS DÉROGATOIRES
CULTURE ORGANISATIONNELLE
CONTRÔLE DES DÉVIANCES POLICIÈRES
POLICING IN QUEBEC
POLICE CULTURE
POLICE ETHICS
POLICE DEVIANCE
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE
POLICE DEVIANCE CONTROL
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http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=DS_281_0003Abstract
Les problèmes de corruption policière et de pratiques peu éthiques ont généralement fait l’objet d’analyses a posteriori, notamment à partir de lectures de cas ou de rapports d’enquête. Ces recherches ont permis d’améliorer la connaissance du phénomène et la réalisation de diverses typologies des déviances policières. Elles n’ont toutefois pas vraiment contribué à la mise en place de mécanismes de prévention de ces problèmes, surtout lorsqu’il s’est avéré qu’ils étaient récurrents et qu’ils touchaient plusieurs strates d’une organisation policière. Lorsque des situations de ce genre se présentent, on remplace le concept de la pomme pourrie par celui voulant que parfois, c’est le baril qui pourrit les pommes qu’il contient. Une première approche susceptible d’éclairer le problème en amont consisterait à mieux comprendre les attitudes des policiers quant à leur volonté de dénoncer ou non des collègues qui se livreraient à des comportements problématiques et en reliant ces attitudes à d’autres facteurs de l’environnement culturel des policiers, tels que l’importance accordée au code du silence, à l’usage de la force, au pouvoir discrétionnaire, et autres. C’est en adaptant les questionnaires développés indépendamment par Weisburd et al. (2000) et par Klockars et al. (2000) que nous avons ainsi interrogé un échantillon de 455 policiers québécois. Nous nous sommes essentiellement attardés aux raisons qui font qu’un policier dénonce ou non une conduite qui constitue clairement un bris des normes et des règles du métier. En recourant à trois séries d’équations de régression logistique, nous avons été en mesure de relever les attitudes particulières à trois types de répondants, les « réticents», les « conformistes» et les « relativistes», notamment en ce qui a trait à la longueur de leur expérience, à la façon dont ils conçoivent le métier de policier et leurs attitudes quant à divers éléments de la culture policière. Les conclusions de cette étude permettront éventuellement aux organisations policières québécoises de mettre en place des stratégies préventives sans trop éparpiller d’efforts sur des facteurs moins contribuants au problème.Problems of police corruption and non-ethical practices have generally been analyzed from an a-posteriori perspective. Research and literature on these topics are essentially based on case analysis and commissions of inquiry reports. These endeavours were necessary to better understand the phenomenon at hand as well as to construct a typology of police deviance. They did little, however, to help prevent the occurrence of these problems, especially when they are found to be recurrent and occurring at almost all levels of a police department. In these cases, the idea of the « rotten apple» would then have to be replaced by a concept that has gradually been recognized as its more realistic alternative, that is that « the barrel is rotting the apples». A first step in grasping the problem from an a-priori perspective is to better understand the attitudes of police officers regarding their reluctance or compliance to report their fellow officers’ corrupt conduct and their reasoning about the limits of police discretion and the margins of police authority. Using survey tools originally developed by Weisburd and al. (2000) and Klockars and al. (2000), we surveyed a representative sample of 455 Quebec police officers. We focused on the reasons why an officer might or might not report instances of conduct that clearly violate police professional ethics. Discriminating three types of respondents (the reluctant, the relativist and the compliant), the analysis obtained from three sets of logistic regressions showed what differ from one type to the other in terms of the level of experience, the conceptualization of police work and the attitude toward police culture. The conclusions obtained from this study might help Quebec’s major police agencies in orienting their preventive efforts at the main determinants of police officers conceptualization of corrupt conducts without squandering precious resources on the less important factors.
Die Probleme der Korruption oder unethischen Verhaltens bei der Polizei sind im Allgemeinen erst nachträglich Gegenstand der Analyse, insbesondere durch Fallstudien oder Berichte. Diese Forschungen erlauben eine Erweiterung des Wissens und die Entwicklung von Typologien über diese Phänomene abweichenden Verhaltens bei der Polizei. Allerdings haben sie bislang kaum zu Mechanismen der Prävention geführt, jedenfalls wenn sich herausstellt, dass sie wiederholt auftreten und mehrer Ebenen der polizeilichen Organisation betreffen. Ein erster Schritt, um die Probleme näher zu untersuchen, besteht zunächst darin, die Einstellungen der Polizisten in Bezug auf das Berichten oder Nicht-Berichten abweichenden Verhaltens von Kollegen und Kolleginnen zu analysieren und diese auf andere Faktoren des kulturellen Kontextes der Polizei, wie z.B. die Bedeutung eines Schweigekodexes, von Gewalt, der macht von Ermessensspielräumen u.ä., zurückzuführen. In Verwendung eines Fragebogens von Weisburd et al. (2000) und Klockars et al. (2000) wurden 455 Polizisten und Polizistinnen in Quebec untersucht. Besonderes Gewicht wurde dabei insbesondere auf die Gründe gelegt, die Polizisten und Polizistinnen für oder gegen das Berichten abweichenden Verhaltens von Kollegen und Kolleginnen vorbringen. Mit Hilfe logistischer Regressionen konnten in Bezug auf die Dauer bisheriger Berufserfahrungen, der Wahrnehmung des polizeilichen Milieus und die Einstellungen zu verschiedenen Elementen einer polizeilichen Kultur drei Typen von Antworten unterschieden werden: die « Zurückhaltenden», die « Konformisten» und die « Relativisten». Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie erlauben die Etablierung präventiver Strategien, die insbesondere auf wichtige Faktoren der Problementstehung zielen.
Generalmente, el análisis de la corrupción policial y de las prácticas policiales poco éticas se ha realizado a posteriori, a partir de la lectura de casos o de las conclusiones de pesquisas. Esa clase de investigación ha permitido profundizar el conocimiento del fenómeno estudiado y establecer diversas tipologías de la desviación policial. Sin embargo, no ha contribuido verdaderamente a la creación de mecanismos de prevención, a pesar de que se ha constatado que se trata de problemas recurrentes y que afectan a diversos estratos de una organización policial. Ante situaciones de este tipo se puede reemplazar la imagen de la manzana podrida por otra que sugiere que a veces es el barril el que pudre las manzanas que contiene. Una primera aproximación susceptible de solucionar el problema de raíz consistiría en comprender las actitudes de los policías en cuanto a la decisión de denunciar o no a los colegas que llevan a cabo comportamientos problemáticos y en vincular esas actitudes a otros factores del entorno cultural policial, como la importancia acordada al código del silencio, a la utilización de la fuerza, al poder de discreción y otros por el estilo. Siguiendo esa lógica, hemos interrogado a una muestra de 455 policías de Québec utilizando un cuestionario adaptado de los que desarrollaron independientemente Weisburd et al. (2000) y Klockars et al. (2000). Nos hemos interesado principalmente en los motivos que llevan a que un policía denuncie o no una conducta que infringe claramente las leyes y las reglas de la profesión. Utilizando tres series de ecuaciones de regresión logística hemos podido identificar actitudes propias de tres tipos de encuestados: los « reticentes», los « conformistas» y los « relativistas». Estas se relacionan particularmente con el tiempo que llevan trabajando, con la manera en que conciben la profesión de policía y con las actitudes hacia los diversos elementos de la cultura policial. Las conclusiones de este estudio permitirán eventualmente que las organizaciones policiales de Québec instauren estrategias preventivas eficaces y no desperdicien esfuerzos actuando sobre factores que sólo contribuyen en menor medida al problema.
Date
2004Identifier
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