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Building on Early Gains in
 Afghanistan's Health, Nutrition, and Population Sector
 : Challenges and OptionsA number of development partners,
 including the World Bank, have been actively supporting the
 health sector in Afghanistan since 2003-04 (1382 AC).
 Collectively, they invested more than $820 million between
 2003 (1382 AC) and 2008-09 (1387 AC) and played key roles in
 supporting the government in reshaping the country's
 health sector. This support continues, with all partners
 starting new projects aimed at further strengthening the
 sector and building on the successes that have been
 achieved. The book is organized as follows. Chapters
 one-four tell a coherent story about the achievements of the
 sector between 2002 and 2008 (1381-87AC), the financial
 resources used to achieve the results, and the contribution
 the private sector has made to the achievements. Chapters
 five-eight) look forward. They identify the challenges the
 sector is facing in meeting human resource needs, expanding
 the coverage of the basic package of health services (BPHS),
 and increasing the institutional capacity of the Ministry of
 Public Health (MoPH). Chapter eight summarizes the lessons
 learned and provides options for moving forward.
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Better Reproductive Health for Poor Women in South AsiaThe overall purpose of this review is to
 bring attention to the opportunities that five countries in
 the region - Bangladesh, India, Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka
 have to strengthen and expand interventions to improve the
 reproductive health of poor women. The report's
 specific objectives are: 1) to provide an accurate picture
 of the current status of women's reproductive health
 and describe the use of reproductive health services and
 barriers to use; 2) to identify individual and household
 characteristics that affect reproductive health status and
 use of services; 3) to develop a simple and effective
 approach to decentralized health planning that can be used
 widely in each of the five countries to improve health
 service delivery and outcomes locally; and 4) to strengthen
 the case for investing in poor women's reproductive
 health by demonstrating the links between poverty,
 inequality and reproductive health. The review puts forth
 the following recommendations for reforms for reproductive
 health: to increase the supply of reproductive health
 services to poor women and adolescents by specifically
 targeting the poorest areas and households; to enhance
 demand among the poor for key services using BCC and
 demand-side financing; to integrate reproductive health
 services through a client-centered approach and strengthen
 weak services using specific relevant approaches; and to
 improve the reach, quality and status of women providers by
 better training, deployment and support are the
 'frontline' improvements required for better
 reproductive health among poor women in South Asia.
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Raising Returns : The Distribution of Health Financing and Outcomes in YemenGiven relatively few resources and
 lagging health outcomes in Yemen, the quest for equitable,
 cost-effective health care delivery continues as long-term,
 sustainable development remains a priority. This paper
 assesses overall value for money of the health system mainly
 as indicated by an analysis of public expenditure trends
 from 1997 until 2008 and by the degree to which health care
 benefits are conferred equitably to the population. Total
 health expenditure in 2007 accounted for 5.2 percent of
 Gross Domestic Product (GDP), or only PPP$ 41 per capita,
 with nearly 70 percent sourced by direct household payments
 (67 percent). Despite recent improvements in health status,
 Yemen continues to lag behind countries of similar or lower
 income and health expenditure levels. Levels of health
 outcomes in Vietnam, Indonesia and the Kyrgyz Republic are 2
 to 6 times better than levels found in Yemen regarding the
 proportion of infants with low birth weight, the prevalence
 of malnutrition amongst children, the rate of births
 delivered by skilled attendants, and the rate of coverage of
 antenatal services. Although health facilities are
 relatively evenly distributed across the population, the
 operational status and quality of these facilities is highly
 variable. The availability of pharmaceuticals at health
 facilities ranges from 31 percent of facilities having
 medications on site in the governorate of Al-Maharah to 94
 percent in Amran. To more effectively alleviate inequities
 and inefficiencies in health service delivery in Yemen,
 national policies are recommended to more strategically
 prioritize resource allocation and develop innovative
 service delivery models to more efficiently connect rural communities.