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Municipal Management and Local Governance : A Service Delivery PerspectiveThe Norwegian Social Science Research
 Institute (FAFO) in conjunction with field based teams in
 five Middle East and North Africa (MNA) region countries
 worked under the guidance of the World Bank to organize,
 design and implement a Service Delivery Survey (SDS)
 spanning the period 2005-61. The SDS diagnostic examines the
 linkages between government policies and service delivery
 performance. The aim of the exercise was to provide an
 end-user perspective on potential ways of improving service
 quality, cost and outreach outcomes. It builds upon the
 institutional and policy review carried out in the MNA-8
 countries by the World Bank in 2004 and uses the body of
 knowledge generated as a basis for refining the service
 delivery analysis in several ways. First, by surveying
 end-users it assesses their perception of the quality and
 coverage of services, improvements that they have noted, and
 the deficiencies that still exist. Second, it gauges their
 understanding of the service delivery mechanism, i.e.
 whether the users feel private sector providers, local
 governments, central government agencies or other providers
 are the preferred provider; if so, why; and whether there
 are general principles that can be derived from the user
 feedback. Third, it also considers the costs of provision
 under alternative arrangements, efficiency gains and
 inherent subsidies or losses that could be potentially
 averted under alternative institutional arrangements. Two
 methodologies were employed; focus group discussions
 complemented by Transect surveys, which, together, provide a
 window to the overall nature of service delivery in the
 selected Middle East countries. Certain central themes and
 concerns cutting across different services and countries
 emerge from these discussions. These are highlighted below.
 However, it should be noted that the purpose of implementing
 the SDS was not to generate definitive policy
 recommendations for each country. Samples sizes of cities
 (two per country) and within city (100 transect
 questionnaires and approximately 45 focus group discussion
 participants) hardly constitute a representative sample.
 Rather, the purpose of the SDS was to expose central
 government officials and city-level representatives and
 staff to cost-effective tools and techniques in consulting
 their constituents on key service delivery issues.
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PETS-QSDS in Sub-Saharan AfricaThis study examines Public Expenditure
 Tracking Survey (PETS) and Quantitative Service Delivery
 Survey (QSDS) carried out in Africa with the objective of
 assessing their approaches, main findings, and
 contributions. Section 2 investigates the context,
 motivations, and objectives of PETS and QSDS that have been
 carried out in Sub-Saharan Africa. Section 3 examines the
 institutional arrangements for resource allocation and
 service delivery in social sectors. Section 4 presents some
 of the main findings of tracking surveys. Section 5 analyzes
 methodological approaches used in previous tracking surveys
 in order to identify factors that could explain the
 difference in past surveys' success, and identify
 potential methodological harmonization. Section 6 presents a
 series of good practice principles that arise from past
 experience, and discusses how they could be implemented.
 Section 7 proposes potential future surveys and endeavors.
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Guidance Note : Public Expenditure Review from the Perspective of the Water and Sanitation SectorThe objective of this guidance note:
 public expenditure review from the perspective of the water
 supply and sanitation sector is to provide World Bank staff
 with a body of knowledge and good practice guidelines to
 help them evaluate the allocation of public resources to
 water and sanitation services in a consistent manner and to
 increase their knowledge of public expenditure issues in the
 sector. This guidance note discusses the challenges that are
 specific to public expenditure management in water and
 sanitation and the difficulties often involved in
 identifying sector expenditures. The challenges particular
 to this sector stem from three factors. First, countries
 define water and sanitation differently (e.g., drainage may
 or may not be included, rural services may be considered
 separately). Second, responsibilities for water and
 sanitation policy are often divided horizontally across
 government ministries and agencies, vertically between
 national and local governments and functionally among the
 public, private, and non-governmental sectors. Third, the
 roles of these multiple actors may be unclear or overlapping.