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Kyrgyz Republic Public Expenditure Review Policy Notes : HealthOver the past two decades the Kyrgyz
 Republic implemented important health financing and
 organization reforms. Compared to other former Soviet
 republics and other low-income countries, the Kyrgyz
 Republic shows good results in term of health outcomes,
 access to health services, and financial protection. Life
 expectancy exceeds that of several of the most prosperous
 former Soviet republics, including Russia. Infant and
 under-5 mortality rates were halved between 1990 and 2010.
 More than 98 percent of births are attended by skilled
 health staff and children immunization rates exceed 90
 percent. Utilization of both hospital and outpatient health
 services are quite equal across income groups. Overall
 distribution of public health spending is slightly pro-poor.
 The Kyrgyz health system shows low incidence of catastrophic
 and impoverishing out-of pocket spending for health care.
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Toward Universal Coverage in Health : The Case of the State Guaranteed Benefit Package of the Kyrgyz RepublicIn this case study the paper describes the evolution of the Kyrgyz health care system and discusses challenges in ensuring universal access to basic health care services. Section one provides an overview of the Kyrgyz health system and of the national health care reform programs that started in 2001 with Manas (2001-2005) and which have been continued with Manas Taalimi (2006-2011), and the recently adopted Den Sooluk (2012-2016). Section two provides a detailed discussion of the SGBP that follows a universal approach as it applies to all citizens, and describes the management of public funds and the information environment of the State Guaranteed Benefit Package (SGBP). Section three draws lessons from Kyrgyz national health reforms for universal health coverage for other countries with very limited public resources, widespread poverty, and high levels of corruption. Section four discusses the remaining challenges for universal health coverage for the poor and how the provision of good-quality care forms an important part of the agenda for the recently adopted Den Sooluk program.
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Public Spending in Russia for Health Care : Issues and OptionsThis report examines three critically
 important areas to inform discussions on the appropriate
 level of health care spending in the Russian Federation: (i)
 the efficiency of spending on health care services; (ii)
 distributional impacts of spending on health care services;
 and (iii) the key factors that will influence the growth in
 health care spending over the next 20 years. There are few
 data showing how spending in health care in the Russian
 Federation translates into better health outcomes such as
 improved mortality, improved morbidity, increased economic
 output and productivity, improvements in the number of life
 years gained, or more sophisticated composite measures such
 as Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs). There is also
 limited data on outputs of hospitals and other healthcare
 providers which allow controlling for case mix,
 socioeconomic status, supply-side variables, and quality of
 care. Therefore, it is difficult to assess the efficiency or
 distributional impacts of health interventions. While the
 analysis draws on primary data specifically collected for
 the study, the absence of detailed output and outcome data
 necessarily limits the scope of the study and its findings.