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The World Bank's Assistance to China's Transport SectorChina's economic development since the opening of its economy in the late 1970s has resulted in an eight percent average annual rate of economic growth. Key facets of this growth are rapidly increasing domestic and foreign trade as well as increasing personal mobility and consumption of energy. The deficiencies of the Chinese road and highway system have in particular created a bottleneck in China's economic development. The major objective of the China country assistance strategy (since the 1980s) was to alleviate infrastructure bottlenecks, in providing financial resources and promoting sector reforms in China. In 1997-98, the World Bank worked together with the Chinese government in completing a review of the transport sector and preparing an intermodal transport strategy. The strategy provides proposals for increasing competition and efficiency, identifies the changing patterns of demand for transport, and advances the analysis of investment needs of the sector and their financing.
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A Review of Institutional Arrangements for Road Asset Management : Lessons for the Developing WorldThe type of institutional arrangement
 for managing roads adopted by a country depends on the
 objectives and performance that it sets for its road
 networks. This paper reviews such arrangements for selected
 countries; China, Brazil, Slovenia, New Zealand, United
 Kingdom, and the Slovak Republic. These countries have
 adopted different approaches in several dimensions, such as
 decentralization, sources of financing, management
 structure, and modal responsibility. This paper reviews main
 factors affecting the efficiency of road agencies and
 describes the steps taken in creating a new institution, or
 transforming an existing one, and assesses the effort
 required to achieve such results. In all countries reviewed,
 the ministry responsible for the transport sector remains
 the authority responsible for the overall transport policy
 and for putting in place checks and balances for good
 governance and management of fiscal risk. The main aspects
 of institutional reforms that can contribute to increase the
 efficiency of road and transport agencies include: improved
 institutional structures, separation of the client and
 supplier functions, separation of client and supplier
 organizations, privatization of the supplier organizations,
 establishment of an executive agency or a commercialized
 (client) organization, user participation through oversight
 boards, improving management information systems, and
 seeking additional sources of financing.
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Assessment of Road Funds in South Asia RegionSustaining an adequate level of resources for road maintenance has been a continuous issue worldwide, including in South Asia. Since the late 1990s South Asia has developed different models of Road Funds (RFs), at the national level, or in the case of India at the state and local level, to improve sources of financing for road maintenance and development. The World Bank South Asia transport team has carried out a review of RFs in the region to draw lessons learned from the past experience. The review provides the analytical underpinning for advising governments on how to improve the performance of existing RFs or how to establish new RFs for road maintenance, and for providing guidance to the World Bank for revising its transport sector strategy in relation to road policy reforms in the South Asia region.