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The Impact of Private Sector Participation in Infrastructure : Lights, Shadows, and the Road AheadAs numerous countries in Latin America
 and the Caribbean and elsewhere are moving toward a second
 phase of private participation in infrastructure programs
 mostly through public-private partnership schemes and other
 countries are just beginning the process, several concerns
 remain from the outcomes of the first phase. These concerns
 are making governments cautious in moving forward. The
 Impact of private sector participation in infrastructure
 addresses these concerns and brings clarity to the debate on
 the impact of private participation in infrastructure. The
 assessment of this impact may be one of the most emotional
 policy issues in economics, as it is clouded in a mist of
 myths, perceptions, and reality. This book analyzes the
 impact and sorts out the truth from the myths. The authors
 take a systematic and hard look at the facts (i.e., data) in
 Latin America, where starting in the late 1980s, many
 governments brought private sector participation into the
 delivery of essential utilities services. Although there are
 many assessments of this experience, none was able to rely
 on systemic, cross-country, and time-series data, and
 practically all of them did not save rare exceptions account
 for what would have happened in the absence of interventions
 (the counterfactual). This book does just that. It brings
 together an all encompassing database from the 1980s to the
 first decade of this century and develops an effective and
 robust methodology, accounting for the counterfactual, which
 tests and estimates the impact of reform on an exceptionally
 wide set of outcome indicators. As a result, this book
 presents the most in-depth study to date of the private
 sector participation experience in Latin America, and it
 substantially advances the existing literature by offering
 robust econometric analysis.
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Zambia Growth, Infrastructure, and Investments : Role for Public Private PartnershipThe main purpose of this paper is to
 document and discuss infrastructure gaps, investment needs,
 and policy challenges in improving infrastructure services,
 with an emphasis on the role of Public Private Partnerships
 to access needed resources for investments in the various
 sub-sectors for accelerated growth and poverty reduction in
 Zambia. Zambia has made substantial progress in extending
 some infrastructure services, including telecom and roads,
 to its citizens. However, service delivery in other areas,
 such as water and sanitation, and electricity has been poor.
 With Zambia's annual growth increasing and demand for
 infrastructure services escalating, infrastructure
 bottlenecks are becoming more acute. This paper is targeted
 at two main audiences: the first is the broader universe of
 policymakers, planners, regulators, and technical
 specialists directly concerned with the delivery of
 infrastructure services. For these readers, the note
 provides an overview of the physical, financial, social, and
 institutional conditions of the country that cut across
 subsectors. It compares Zambia's infrastructure
 performance in terms of access rates, affordability,
 quality, and financial viability of its services to those
 observed in comparable countries. The second and related
 audience is the authorities. The note provides them with a
 sense of the foregone growth opportunities stemming from
 policy imperfections, an assessment of investment needs for
 accelerated growth, and how public private partnership can
 play a role in resource mobilization for the investment
 needs. The paper takes stock of the most relevant
 infrastructure issues in the key sectors: energy, water and
 sanitation and telecommunications.
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Ghana’s Infrastructure : A Continental PerspectiveInfrastructure contributed just over one percentage point to Ghana's annual per capital GDP growth during the 2000s. Raising the country s infrastructure endowment to that of the region's middle-income countries could boost the annual growth rate by more than 2.7 percentage points. Ghana has an advanced infrastructure platform when compared with other low-income countries in Africa. The country s coverage levels for rural water, electricity, and GSM signals are impressive. A large share of the road network is in good or fair condition. Institutional reforms have been adopted in the ICT, ports, roads, and water supply sectors. Ghana s most pressing challenges lie in the power sector, where outmoded transmission and distribution assets, rapid demand growth, and periodic hydrological shocks leave the country reliant on high-cost oil-based generation. Exceptionally high losses in water distribution leave little to reach end customers, who are thus exposed to intermittent supplies. Addressing Ghana's infrastructure challenges will require raising annual expenditures to $2.3 billion. The country already spends about $1.2 billion per year on infrastructure, equivalent to about 7.5 percent of GDP. A further $1.1 billion is lost each year to inefficiencies, notably underpricing of power.Ghana's annual infrastructure funding gap is about $0.4 billion per year, chiefly related to power and water. Following its recent oil discoveries, Ghana can raise additional public funding from increased tax receipts. The country has several strong areas on which to build and a solid economic base from which to fund incremental efforts.