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The Great Crisis and Fiscal Institutions in Eastern and Central Europe
 and Central AsiaThis paper examines fiscal outcomes in
 Eastern and Central European countries before and during the
 global crisis of 2008-2010. These outcomes are evaluated in
 the context of overall changes in fiscal institutions and
 global market conditions. Eastern and Central European
 countries situations improved dramatically in the
 pre-crisis period as tax revenues boomed, and fiscal
 institutions were reformed. Expenditures increased quite
 significantly in real terms for some of the countries in the
 pre-crisis era so that when tax revenues collapsed in the
 wake of the crisis, the countries were left with large
 deficits. Institutional reform helped countries manage their
 fiscal situations better, but the crisis also exposed
 shortcomings of the status quo. In the post-crisis period,
 fiscal institutions aimed at promoting fiscal discipline are
 being strengthened. Governments will also need to take a
 closer look at the sustainability of current expenditure
 patterns, particularly the strong emphasis on social expenditures.
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Sudan : Public Expenditure Review, Synthesis ReportThis synthesis provides a baseline assessment of two fundamental dimensions of public finance in post-CPA Sudan-fiscal management and the alignment of resources to broad-based growth and reduced poverty and inequality. This Public Expenditure Review (PER), the first for Sudan, reflects the initial phase of engagement, with the objective of identifying and supporting improvements in budget planning, monitoring and institutional arrangements so as to contribute to improved resource use and outcomes. The emphasis is on establishing a baseline understanding of key fiscal management and policy challenges, highlighting reform measures for policymakers, and setting the agenda for the next phase of work. This report begins with an introduction. The rest of the synthesis report is structured as follows. Sections 2 and 3 cover the Government of National Unity (GNU) revenue and expenditure management, respectively. Section 4 summarizes key aspects of the PER dialogue on identifying and monitoring pro-poor spending in Sudan. Intergovernmental transfers and fiscal decentralization are the focus of Section 5, and section 6 summarizes the main findings from the PER state case studies. Section 7 is dedicated to fiscal issues in the South.
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Bangladesh - Public Expenditure and Institutional Review : Towards a Better Quality of Public Expenditure - Main ReportBangladesh has recorded many impressive
 achievements in economic and social development in the last
 decade and a half. It has achieved steady economic growth of
 over 5.5 percent annually (over 6 percent on average since
 2004), maintained relatively low inflation and stable levels
 of domestic debt. More remarkable have been its achievements
 in reducing income poverty and improving social indicators,
 such as life expectancy, fertility control, child mortality,
 literacy and enrollment rates, which, in many cases, exceed
 other countries in the region and outside. In addition to
 standard expenditure policy analysis typically associated
 with Public Expenditure Reviews (PERs), this study combines
 an assessment of key institutional elements that are likely
 to affect budget outcomes with political economy analysis of
 the budget institutions, in order to discover the underlying
 reasons behind the existing equilibrium. While the Public
 Expenditure and Institutional Review (PEIR) does not include
 a description of the technical aspects of Public Financial
 Management (PFM) institutions, it makes use of the numerous
 studies that exist in this area to illustrate their effect
 on incentives. This approach is motivated by
 Bangladesh's long journey of 14 years towards reforming
 PFM systems, which is yet to result in a fundamental break
 with past practices of input-oriented incremental budgeting
 and relatively weak expenditure controls, especially at the
 sector-specific level. This requires different thinking and
 an approach aimed at addressing the incentive structure of
 those who can influence more fundamental reforms in PFM.