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Botswana Public Expenditure ReviewThe unifying theme of this Public Expenditure Review (PER) is the impending need for Botswana to incorporate into its policy making and planning framework a series of measure to help it transition into an era of diminished diamond revenues. While diamond revenues have enabled rapid development, they have also allowed government to swell, and the public sector is today, with diamonds, a mainstay of the economy. With the decline of diamonds on the horizon, it has become increasingly urgent for Botswana to review and question its management of public finances and the role and objectives of the public sector in the economy, particularly given the large remaining human and social development needs, and the requirements of diversification. While the global economic crisis has helped to bring these issues to the fore, they are long-term challenges that are independent of today's temporary economic difficulties.
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Nigeria - A Fiscal Agenda for Change : Public Expenditure Management and Financial Accountability Review, Volume 2. Executive SummaryThis report reviews the trends in
 expenditure patterns in public financial management (PFM) in
 Nigeria since 2001, and assesses the impact thus far of the
 ongoing government reform efforts. The public expenditure
 management and financial accountability review (PEMFAR)
 covers areas that have been traditionally undertaken by
 separate Bank reports such as the public expenditure reviews
 (PER), the country financial accountability assessment
 (CFAA), and the country procurement assessment review
 (CPAR). This analysis covers fiscal policies and performance
 at both federal and state government levels. The PEMFAR is a
 consolidated diagnostic tool designed to enhance Bank,
 development partners' and member countries'
 knowledge of PFM arrangements and reform challenges. The
 core objective of the Nigeria PEMFAR is to advise the
 Government (federal and participating states) on how (i) to
 better focus and sequence its PFM, including the procurement
 reform agenda within a broader economic reform framework,
 and (ii) identify directions and instruments of
 restructuring its expenditure patterns on both macro and
 sectoral levels. The PEMFAR also aims to inform
 international development partners on how they could provide
 more efficient support for the PFM reforms in Nigeria by
 identifying the main bottlenecks within the existing reform process.
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Niger : Second Public Expenditure Management and Financial Accountability Review, Volume 1. Main ReportThe second public expenditure management and financial accountability review (PEMFAR II) report provides analysis of the fiscal space outlook, a review of public expenditure management, including of the public investment management system, and assessments of the public financial management and public procurement systems. The review covers the period since the 2004 PEMFAR until 2009 and the detailed analysis of public expenditures focuses on three key sectors (education, health and rural development) which represented about 52 percent of the voted budget in 2007 and 2008 and are the pillars of Niger's second poverty reduction strategy paper (PRSP II). The PEMFAR II a comprehensive short and medium term (2010-2012) reform agenda which will assist the Government to prepare and adopt an action plan to improve the effectiveness of public resources management in Niger. This report constitutes the main report (volume one) of the PEMFAR II. Volume two of the PEMFAR II provides the detailed report of the evaluation of the public procurement system. The summary, after the above overview, reflects the underlying themes that emerge from the assessments of fiscal space outlook, public expenditures including public investment management, the public financial system, and the public procurement system. At the end, the summary a set of targeted priority actions aimed at improving the developmental impact of public expenditures.