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General Principles for Credit ReportingFinancial infrastructure broadly defined comprises the underlying foundation for a country's financial system. It includes all institutions, information, technologies, rules and standards that enable financial intermediation. Poor financial infrastructure in many developing countries poses a considerable constraint upon financial institutions to expand their offering of financial services to underserved segments of the population and the economy. It also creates risks which can threaten the stability of the financial system as a whole. This report describes the nature of credit reporting elements which are crucial for understanding credit reporting and to ensuring that credit reporting systems are safe, efficient and reliable. It intends to provide an international agreed framework in the form of international standards for credit reporting systems' policy and oversight. The Principles for credit reporting are deliberately expressed in a general way to ensure that they can be useful in all countries and that they will be durable. These principles are not intended for use as a blueprint for the design or operation of any specific system, but rather suggest the key characteristics that should be satisfied by different systems and the infrastructure used to support them to achieve a stated common purpose, namely expanded access and coverage, fair conditions, and safe and efficient service for borrowers and lenders. Section two provides a brief overview of the market for credit information sharing and credit reporting activities and then analyzes in some detail the key considerations underlying credit reporting. Section three outlines the general principles and related roles. Section four proposes a framework for the effective oversight of credit reporting systems.
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SME Finance in Ethiopia : Addressing the Missing Middle ChallengeThis study starts with a brief analysis of which firms are the main net job creators in Ethiopia and then focuses on the financing constraints of Ethiopian Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) as one of the key obstacles to job creation and growth. The study uses two demand-side and an ad-hoc supply side survey administered to 16 financial institutions. This survey allowed collecting data on the actual involvement of financial institutions with MSMEs, their perception of potential public policy approaches to enhance MSME access to finance and the adequateness of their current business models. 
 The combination of both demand-side and supply-side analysis allows to gain a full picture of MSME finance practices in Ethiopia by connecting information on firm experiences with the reporting of financial institutions on their business practices. While there was already anecdotal evidence that small firms were lacking proper access to finance in Ethiopia, the value added of this study is to provide accurate empirical evidence of the existence of a missing middle phenomenon.
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Financial Sector Policy Note : Financing Small and Medium-Sized Businesses in Burkina FasoAs in other Sub-Saharan African
 countries, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
 represent the vast majority of firms operating in the
 private sector in Burkina Faso. Private sector-led growth is
 a major element of Burkina Faso's poverty reduction
 strategy, la strategie de croissance accelere et le
 developpement durable. Unfortunately, many characteristics
 of Burkina Faso's business environment, and of
 businesses themselves, make private sector-led growth a
 challenge. This financial sector policy note focuses on the
 market for credit and closely related financial services,
 how private banks are providing these services to SMEs, and
 recommendations that address problems they are having. This
 requires understanding the behavior of banks with respect to
 SME lending, particularly investment lending and related
 financial products like leasing, guarantees, microcredit,
 and subsidized credit funds. This policy note consists of a
 study and survey of commercial banks and two non-bank
 financial institutions (NBFIs) (Burkina Bail and Societe
 Financiere de Garantie Interbancaire du Burkina (SOFIGIB)
 focusing on lending to SMEs. It focuses on the supply side
 of the market. The survey and accompanying interviews took
 place during the summer of 2013. Twelve private banks and
 five NBFIs were asked to participate in the study and
 survey. The study references two additional surveys focused
 on SMEs: (1) the 2009 World Bank enterprise survey, and (2)
 the 2012 survey of SMEs commissioned by the ministry of
 industry, trade, and artisans. The study consists of
 observations and analysis of survey data to provide input to
 policies for encouraging lending to SMEs and increasing the
 provision of other financial services. This report is
 structured as follows: executive summary; purpose and
 structure of policy note; macroeconomic context and the
 banking sector section provides a description of the
 situation in which Burkina Faso finds itself. Demand for SME
 finance section presents recent studies focused on the
 demand for credit by SMEs. Supply of SME finance section
 presents the results of the survey organized around the keys
 issues facing the provision of credit to SMEs. Enabling
 environment for financing SMEs section discusses salient
 characteristics of the business, legal, and regulatory
 environment that effect SME finance; recommendations; and conclusions.