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General Principles for Credit ReportingFinancial infrastructure broadly defined comprises the underlying foundation for a country's financial system. It includes all institutions, information, technologies, rules and standards that enable financial intermediation. Poor financial infrastructure in many developing countries poses a considerable constraint upon financial institutions to expand their offering of financial services to underserved segments of the population and the economy. It also creates risks which can threaten the stability of the financial system as a whole. This report describes the nature of credit reporting elements which are crucial for understanding credit reporting and to ensuring that credit reporting systems are safe, efficient and reliable. It intends to provide an international agreed framework in the form of international standards for credit reporting systems' policy and oversight. The Principles for credit reporting are deliberately expressed in a general way to ensure that they can be useful in all countries and that they will be durable. These principles are not intended for use as a blueprint for the design or operation of any specific system, but rather suggest the key characteristics that should be satisfied by different systems and the infrastructure used to support them to achieve a stated common purpose, namely expanded access and coverage, fair conditions, and safe and efficient service for borrowers and lenders. Section two provides a brief overview of the market for credit information sharing and credit reporting activities and then analyzes in some detail the key considerations underlying credit reporting. Section three outlines the general principles and related roles. Section four proposes a framework for the effective oversight of credit reporting systems.
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Doing Business 2014 Regional Profile : European UnionThis regional profile presents the Doing
 Business indicators for economies in European Union (EU). It
 also shows the regional average, the best performance
 globally for each indicator and data for the following
 comparator regions: East Asia and the Pacific, Europe and
 Central Asia, Middle East and North Africa, Latin America,
 and OECD High Income. The data in this report are current as
 of June 1, 2013, except for the paying taxes indicators,
 which cover the period January to December 2012. Regional
 Doing Business reports capture differences in business
 regulations and their enforcement across countries in a
 single region. They provide data on the ease of doing
 business, rank each location, and recommend reforms to
 improve performance in each of the indicator areas. The
 report sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a
 local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size
 business when complying with relevant regulations. It
 measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 11
 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business,
 dealing with construction permits, getting electricity,
 registering property, getting credit, protecting investors,
 paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts,
 resolving insolvency and employing workers. Doing Business
 presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and
 the protection of property rights that can be compared
 across 189 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over
 time. The data set covers 47 economies in Sub-Saharan
 Africa, 33 in Latin America and the Caribbean, 25 in East
 Asia and the Pacific, 25 in Eastern Europe and Central Asia,
 20 in the Middle East and North Africa and 8 in South Asia,
 as well as 31 OECD high-income economies. The indicators are
 used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what reforms
 have worked, where and why.
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Doing Business 2014 Regional Profile : Middle East and North AfricaThis regional profile presents the Doing
 Business indicators for economies in Middle East and North
 Africa (MENA). It also shows the regional average, the best
 performance globally for each indicator and data for the
 following comparator regions: Latin America, East Asia and
 the Pacific, Europe and Central Asia, South Asia, and OECD
 High Income. The data in this report are current as of June
 1, 2013, except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover
 the period January to December 2012. Regional Doing Business
 reports capture differences in business regulations and
 their enforcement across countries in a single region. They
 provide data on the ease of doing business, rank each
 location, and recommend reforms to improve performance in
 each of the indicator areas. The report sheds light on how
 easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and
 run a small to medium-size business when complying with
 relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in
 regulations affecting 11 areas in the life cycle of a
 business: starting a business, dealing with construction
 permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting
 credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across
 borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency and
 employing workers. Doing Business presents quantitative
 indicators on business regulations and the protection of
 property rights that can be compared across 189 economies,
 from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. The data set covers
 47 economies in Sub-Saharan Africa, 33 in Latin America and
 the Caribbean, 25 in East Asia and the Pacific, 25 in
 Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 20 in the Middle East and
 North Africa and 8 in South Asia, as well as 31 OECD
 high-income economies. The indicators are used to analyze
 economic outcomes and identify what reforms have worked,
 where and why.