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Fostering the Development of Greenfield Mining-related Transport Infrastructure through Project FinancingThe purpose of this study is to serve as
 a guide on developing Greenfield transport infrastructure
 (rail and port) primarily used to support mining operations
 ('mining-related infrastructure'), through
 Public-Private Partnership (PPP) schemes and on a project
 finance basis. The focus is on key financing issues and
 considerations, as well as recommendations for governments
 and private-sector participants, specifically in the context
 of sub-Saharan Africa and similar regions. Over the past
 decade, the rapid economic growth in newly industrialized
 markets has fueled a strong demand for various commodities
 (such as iron, coal, bauxite and copper), with significant
 impact on their prices. The last ten years have seen an
 unprecedented rise in the price of mineral commodities
 worldwide. From the mid-2000s through the early 2010s, the
 world's largest mining companies embarked in the
 planning of numerous and often very large mining projects to
 satisfy what was seen as an ever growing double digit demand
 for minerals (iron ore, coal, bauxite, copper, etc). A
 number of these mining projects are located in frontier
 countries (e.g. Mongolia, Guinea, Afghanistan, Sierra Leone
 and Mozambique). This report explores the challenges and
 solutions associated with the development of Greenfield
 mining-related transport infrastructure through project
 financing in frontier countries, including as shared-use
 assets. From an ownership and financing structure
 perspective, there are three traditional forms of ownership
 models: public-sector led, mining company-led or third-party
 investment. Given that most frontier host governments simply
 do not have the ability to fund these infrastructure
 projects on a purely public basis (including with the
 assistance of multilateral development banks), this report
 focuses on the latter two ownership arrangements. In terms
 of financing models, the size of such investments often
 rules out corporate financing as a viable option for
 external investors. Thus project financing is the most
 feasible and most adapted form of debt financing for
 Greenfield multi-user/multi-client mining-related
 infrastructure, assuming project bankability can be
 demonstrated to lenders. Lastly, public authorities might
 have to accept that multi-usage demands made to transport
 mining infrastructure operators might have to be initially
 or permanently restricted to secure, first and foremost, the
 delivery of an efficient mining transport system at the
 lowest possible cost to its anchor user/client.
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Private Sector Participation in
 Light Rail-Light Metro Transit InitiativesThis book aims to help governments and
 public authorities to establish effective light rail-light
 metro transit (LRMT) systems, and focuses on use of
 Public-Private Participation (PPP) arrangements. Rather than
 identify a single approach, authors present options and
 discuss practical issues related to preparing and
 implementing new LRMT PPP schemes. The approach is focused
 on providing information that can be used to make informed
 decisions, adapted to local policy and objectives. The
 material presented is intended as a practical guide to
 developing LRMT PPPs in both developed and developing
 countries. This work endeavors to provide answers to
 readers' questions regarding how to successfully
 incorporate private sector participation in LRMT with a
 lesser emphasis on why LRMT and the private sector may be
 beneficial. The primary focus of this text is guiding the
 reader from design through to project implementation. It
 starts from the premise that underlying transport policy
 decisions will have already been made and that LRMT has
 already been identified as the appropriate transport
 solution. The authors have included some limited discussion
 of policy and technical issues where these directly impact
 the LRMT PPP approach. The approach is presented in nine
 sections, and in preparing it the author drew on current
 international LRMT PPP experience, through a series of
 interviews and case studies. The sections covered are: 1)
 urban transport and LRMT: an overview of urban transport
 policy, the characteristics of LRMT schemes and the
 influences on LRMT policies; 2) technical issues: a brief
 review of some key technical issues inherent in LRMT schemes
 and their potential impact on PPP design and implementation;
 3) incorporating private sector participation in LRMT
 initiatives: what PPP has to offer, and an overview of the
 issues and stages public authorities follow to establish
 successful LRMT PPP arrangements; 4) understanding and
 managing risk: analyzing and allocating risks and
 responsibilities among stakeholders in the LRMT scheme and
 practical ways of designing risk allocation rules; 5) PPP,
 design, specifications and performance management: setting
 service standards and specifications and establishing
 associated costs; developing of performance and payment
 indicators and managing compliance; 6) funding and finance:
 large LRMT capital and system maintenance requirements
 require strong financing arrangements. The practical use of
 public and private financing mechanisms under PPP
 arrangement is reviewed; 7) developing a PPP agreement:
 looking at the main types of PPP agreements, an outline
 framework for developing the contractual arrangement is
 developed through re-view of key issues; 8) procurement:
 reviewing the approaches that the public authority can use
 to select the private partner; and 9) conclusions.
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Public-Private Partnerships in Europe and Central Asia : Designing Crisis-Resilient Strategies and Bankable ProjectsThis study aims to help governments
 design sustainable Public-Private Partnership (PPP)
 strategies and projects in the context of the changed
 circumstances brought on by the global financial and
 economic crisis that began in the fall of 2008. The study
 analyses the impact and implication of the crisis on PPP
 infrastructure projects across the Europe and Central Asia
 (ECA) region. In the research undertaken for this study, it
 appears that most crisis-specific issues are cross-sectoral,
 therefore requiring cross-sectoral responses. The intended
 audience for this report includes national government
 stakeholders involved in infrastructure financing, including
 Ministries in charge of infrastructure, especially
 transport, energy, and water; state-owned enterprises with
 operational responsibilities, such as road directorates; and
 Ministries of Finance and development banks involved in PPP.
 This report reviewed the region's experience in PPPs in
 infrastructure before and during the financial crisis period
 (from late 2006 to 2010). Since not all ECA countries have
 had successful or ongoing PPP projects during this time, the
 report draws on lessons from Brazil, India, Spain, and the
 United Kingdom, countries with established PPP project
 pipelines to draw on cross-sectoral lessons. The findings
 can be used by countries wishing to start or re-start their
 PPP program following the impact of the recent crisis.
 However, beyond the crisis and its effects, the report can
 also guide future development of sustainable and
 crisis-resilient PPP programs. Most of the analysis
 supporting the report recommendations was undertaken for the
 highway sector and was financed through from a grant from
 the transport research support program. Initially, the
 highway sector was the focus of this study but the scope was
 later widened to include all infrastructure sectors because
 most issues facing highway PPP projects are common to other
 sectors requiring a cross-sectoral approach to PPP.
 Sector-specific strategies for highways have been documented
 in a recent World Bank study.