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Basic Agricultural Public Expenditure Diagnostic Review (2000-2013) : MalawiAgriculture is the backbone of
 Malawi's economy, contributing about 30 percent to
 total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and accounting for about
 85 percent of employment and 80 percent of foreign exchange
 earnings (60 percent of which come from tobacco alone), but
 it largely remains subsistence farming plagued by low
 productivity and high vulnerability. Agriculture development
 and food security are amongst the key priorities of the
 Government of Malawi (GoM) to achieve sustainable economic
 growth and poverty alleviation. Increased agricultural
 productivity, diversification and commercialization
 constitute a key focus area of the overarching national
 development framework, the Malawi Growth and Development
 Strategy (MGDS) 2006-2011, followed by MGDS II 2011-2016. In
 2010, this priority was translated into an Agricultural
 Sector Wide Approach (ASWAp), aligned with the CAADP pillars
 and the MGDS. This Agricultural Public Expenditure Review
 (AgPER), carried out at the request of the Ministry of
 Agriculture and Food Security (MoAFS), intends to enhance
 the efficiency, effectiveness and equity of future public
 spending in the sector, and thus contribute to ASWAp
 successful implementation. It was financed by the program
 'strengthening national comprehensive agricultural
 public expenditure in Sub-Saharan Africa', funded by
 the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the CAADP
 Multi-Donor Trust Fund and implemented by the World Bank.
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Egypt - Linking Funding to Outputs : Expenditures of the Ministry of Agriculture and Land ReclamationThis review of the on-budget expenditure of the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation (MALR) in Egypt describes the broad outline of the MARL's expenditures and identifies key themes and issues. The report examines how the context of the agricultural sector has changed, and the adjustment challenge that such change poses for the MALR. It explains how the MALR is thinking about the future, describes the structures of the MALR, and presents expenditure trends for the MALR down to the sector or authority level. Also, the document identifies some key issues to be addressed and zooms in on the research institutions of the MALR, the Agricultural Research Centre and the Desert Research Centre.
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Nigeria - Agriculture Public Expenditure ReviewThis report summarizes the findings of the Nigeria Agriculture Public Expenditure Review (NAGPER). The NAGPER was undertaken to achieve four main objectives: (i) establish a robust data base on public expenditure in the agricultural sector; (ii) diagnose the level and composition of agricultural spending in the recent past; (iii) understand the budget processes that determine resource allocation in the sector; and (iv) draw preliminary policy recommendations for agriculture. These objectives are admittedly modest. At a minimum, most public expenditure reviews (PER) seek to understand the basic pattern of public spending in a sector, as well as the processes that influence spending decisions. To better contribute to policy making, many PERs also extend the analysis to examine not only the quantity of spending, but also its efficiency and impact. The scope of the NAGPER was restricted because preliminary investigations revealed that assembling and validating core expenditure data represented a major challenge in and of itself. Therefore it seemed prudent not to set out an overly ambitious set of objectives, the realization of which might be compromised by lack of data.