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Turning the Right Corner : Ensuring Development through a Low-Carbon Transport SectorThis report 'Turning the right corner - ensuring development through a low carbon transport sector' emphasizes that developing countries need to transition to a low carbon transport sector now to avoid locking themselves into an unsustainable and costly future. Furthermore, it argues that this transition can be affordable if countries combine policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions with broader sector reforms aimed at reducing local air pollution, road safety risks, and congestion. This report looks at relationships between mobility, low carbon transport and development, drawing attention to the inertia in transport infrastructure. It complements the analysis by reviewing how climate change is likely to affect operations and infrastructure, cost-effective measures for minimizing negative effects, and policies and decision frameworks. It further highlights current and projected research findings and examples from developing countries. And it concludes that new technology is not enough, and that urgent action is needed before economies become locked into high-carbon growth. It discusses how to reconcile development with the need to curb emissions, looking at three sets of instruments and their limitations: new technologies and alternative fuels, supply-side measures, and demand-side policies. This report also looks at both available funding, such as carbon financing and international assistance, and at ways to generate new resources, considering that accounting for negative externalities dramatically alters the economics of transport investment.
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Greenhouse Gas Analysis at the World BankThis report builds on reviews of available methodologies, tools, and practices for greenhouse gas (GHG) analysis, and summarizes the outcomes of pilot studies. It discusses the issues and challenges associated with GHG analysis for energy, transport and forestry projects such as setting project boundaries and accounting for indirect emissions. To do this it draws on existing United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) methodologies, IPCC National GHG Inventories guidelines, the GEF and CDM/JI methodological frameworks, the GHG Protocol Initiative standards, World Bank Environment Department papers, and methodologies used by other international finance institutions. The outcome of fourteen pilots provides a rich and varied set of experiences in terms of approaches taken, and application of tools and methodologies. Assessing GHG emissions from investment operations is becoming common practice for mostmultilateral and bilateral institutions, and the international financial community in general. The existing methodologies and tools could be applicable to a significant majority of the investment lending portfolio in energy, transport, and forestry. The pilot studies served to generate interest from the clients as they were linked to investment lending operations.
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Assessing the Environmental Co-Benefits of Climate Change ActionsThis internal background paper has been
 prepared to help inform the 2010 environment strategy with
 respect to a proposed way forward on use of country systems.
 The World Bank Group environment strategy is built on three
 pillars: leveraging natural resources for growth and poverty
 reduction; managing the environmental risks to growth and
 development; and transforming growth paths. As part of its
 exploration of these three pillars, the strategy considers
 the question of environmental co-benefits of climate change
 actions. In particular, it poses the question of potential
 trade-offs between actions to address climate change and
 other local and regional environmental priorities, and
 considers how to maximize co-benefits arising from climate
 action. The primary objective of this background paper is to
 assess the potential for climate change mitigation and
 adaptation actions to provide environmental co-benefits,
 particularly in the quality of environmental media, flow of
 ecosystem services, and maintenance of biodiversity. To
 accomplish this, the paper is organized in five sections:
 section one gives provision of an organizing framework to
 identify and classify potential co-benefits; section two
 gives summary of the external literature on co-benefits;
 section three gives review of examples from the World Bank
 portfolio; section four presents initial thoughts on
 creation of enabling conditions for co-benefit provision;
 and section five gives review of implications for the
 environment strategy.