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Tunisia Urban Development and Local Governance Program : Technical Assessment ReportIn this context, the reform of the LG capital grants and municipal investment planning framework forms the main strategic actions undertaken by the government towards the implementation of its decentralization agenda recently anchored in the new Constitution adopted in January 2014. This grant system, which had operated under an ex ante system of controls, is being restructured through the revision of the Decree 97-1135 governing the LG capital grant system. Through the restructuring, the government intends to improve the efficiency of the state financial support to municipal investment, make the allocation of capital grants more transparent and predictable, strengthen the decision-making power of LGs on the use of their investment funding, and progressively introduce a performance based dimension to their capital grant system. Along with revision of the above decree, the government has also issued a Ministerial Decree to introduce participatory municipal investment planning and budgeting systems, hence promoting citizen engagement in identifying investment needs and priorities. Under the same reform, the government will progressively introduce an independent, annual assessment to measure the performance of LGs in line with the above amended decree. The performance assessment system, in addition to serving as a tool for monitoring LG s performance, has proven to be a very effective means of incentivizing LGs to strengthen their institutional performance, where access to grant funds is linked to results. The areas covered under the performance assessment will include governance, sustainability and management. The results of this performance assessment will be used to adjust the capital grant allocation starting the third year of the program.
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Decentralization, Accountability and Local Services in Sierra Leone : Situation Analysis, Key Challenges and Opportunities for ReformFollowing years of civil war that ended
 in 2002, Sierra Leone has pursued a policy of
 decentralization, devolving responsibility for many
 government functions to the Local Council level. The aims of
 this policy include achieving a more equitable and inclusive
 access to public services across the national territory, in
 part to alleviate regional inequities that contributed to
 the civil war. The implementation of the decentralization
 policy has faced many obstacles, however, including the need
 to rebuild local government institutions and capacity after
 30 years of centrally dominated governance; the limited
 devolution of financial resources; and multifaceted
 political economy hurdles. This report, first, analyzes the
 current state of decentralization in Sierra Leone; second,
 identifies the most prominent challenges to continued
 decentralization; and, third, discusses options for the way
 forward. The report draws on qualitative and quantitative
 data collected from both central and local government
 stakeholders, and takes the perspective that
 decentralization and strengthened local governance
 institutions are an effective means to localize development
 and improve the effective and equitable delivery of key
 public services. The study focuses on progress to date and
 standing challenges in four key areas of analysis: fiscal
 decentralization, human resource decentralization, ensuring
 inclusivity and accountability in local governance, and
 ensuring efficiency and responsiveness in service delivery.
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Kosovo : Policy Note on Public Investment ManagementAs Kosovo moves towards resolution of
 its political status, the attention of the authorities and
 of the international donor community is increasingly turning
 towards the need for modernization of Kosovo's economic
 and social infrastructure in order to facilitate sustained
 economic growth and development. This note looks further
 into the underlying causes and the actions that will be
 required to address them. The main conclusions of the note
 are that the fundamental causes of under spending on the
 capital spending program lie in the failure to plan and
 manage the program within a medium-term context and in the
 institutional capacity constraints that currently confront
 the public finance management (PFM) system. The note begins
 by providing a brief overview of the scale and composition
 of Kosovo's capital spending program (section B) and
 the institutional arrangements for public investment
 management (section C). It then goes on to look at the
 causes of the fall in the execution of the capital spending
 budget that occurred in 2006 (section D), and to consider in
 more detail issues relating to capital investment
 identification and development (section E), budget
 preparation and financing (section F), and capital budget
 execution, procurement and monitoring (section G). The final
 section summarizes the key conclusions and next steps
 actions (section H). A summary of the analysis is provided
 in the assessment framework that is included in annex I.