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Climate Change Policies and Employment in Eastern Europe and Central AsiaThis paper analyzes the differential impact of climate change policies on employment in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. In particular, the paper examines (i) how vulnerable labor markets are in Eastern European and Central Asian countries to future carbon regulation, and (ii) what countries can do to mitigate some of the potential negative effects of these regulatory changes on employment. In many aspects, the nature of the shock associated with climate regulation is similar to that associated with an increase in energy prices. Constraints on carbon emissions put a price on climate-damaging activities and make hydrocarbon-based energy production and consumption more expensive. As a result, firms in energy-intensive industries may react to higher energy prices by reducing production, which in turn would lead to lower employment. In the presence of frictions in labor markets, these sector shifts will cause resources to be unemployed, at least in the short term. Using principal component analysis, the paper finds that Eastern European and Central Asian countries vary greatly in their vulnerability and adaptability of employment to carbon regulation. Since the economy takes time to adjust, policy-makers will need to ensure that the incentives are there for new firms to emerge and employ workers, and that workers have the skills to respond to that demand. Moreover, governments have a role to play in ensuring that workers that are displaced have a proper safety net that will not only help in protecting their welfare, but will also allow workers to make more efficient labor market transitions.
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Improving Labor Market Outcomes for Poor and Vulnerable Groups in MongoliaMongolia has experienced strong economic
 growth and declining poverty in the past. With the
 implementation of the law on employment promotion in 2011,
 the Government of Mongolia provided the legal base for a set
 of employment promotion programs. By means of these
 programs, different vulnerable labor market groups are
 addressed, ranging from graduates to disabled, older
 workers, herders, and unskilled job seekers. The objective
 of the report is to describe and analyze labor market
 outcomes for different groups of the population in Mongolia,
 with a particular focus on poor and vulnerable households,
 and present a set of policy interventions to strengthen the
 labor market participation and integration of currently
 unemployed or inactive adults. The focus of the report is on
 supply side issues of the labor market. In order to better
 understand the mechanisms driving labor market outcomes, a
 prospective qualitative analysis is already planned to
 complement the present quantitative analysis. The report is
 structured as follows: section one gives introduction.
 Section two provides the country context in terms of
 economic and demographic developments and the
 characteristics of the Mongolian labor market. The empirical
 analysis is presented in section three. In section four the
 existing labor market policies in Mongolia are mapped and
 their challenges discussed. Finally, section five concludes
 and recommends a set of policy measures to further improve
 the labor market outcomes of poor and vulnerable groups.
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Employment Creation and Social Protection in the Middle East and North AfricaThis book describes and analyzes
 critical aspects of the labor market and social protection
 in the Arab world. The authors address the interrelationship
 between labor, human development, and social well-being in
 the Middle East and North Africa region -- an interaction
 that is viewed against the backdrop of a globalization
 process that is a crucial shaping factor in national and
 international relations alike. The authors scrutinize the
 implications for workers of the new forms of insecurity
 being ushered in by the globalization era. At the forefront
 is the issue of social protection, which creates several
 dilemmas for policymakers, since formal social security
 covers only a small percentage of the labor force. The idea
 of social reinsurance, which would integrate the informal
 sector and allow for social dialog, emerges at various
 levels, and there is general agreement that any such dialog,
 or new social contract, must include government, the private
 sector, and civil society.