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Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia : Issues in Urban and Municipal DevelopmentThe present study examines the
 challenges facing municipal governments in FYR Macedonia.
 The introductory chapter provides some further context for
 these developments, in terms of the challenges they pose
 for urban areas and their governments. Chapter Two examines
 issues for financial management of municipalities under the
 decentralized regime, and the attendant need for improving
 local government capacity. The third chapter highlights
 questions in the area of communal services, where municipal
 governments retain overall provision and supervisory
 responsibilities of the local public enterprises. The fourth
 chapter focuses on urban planning and land management, an
 area critical to the efficient functioning of cities and for
 which municipalities have acquired new obligations. The
 approach of the report is to assemble existing data from
 many available studies, both by the World Bank and by other
 sources, and information obtained from interviews in the
 country to articulate ideas and recommendations for
 consideration by the Government elected in July 2006, by
 municipal governments, and by other stakeholders.
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Coping with Urban Fiscal Stress around the WorldThe economic recession, the end of
 stimulus funding and central government cutbacks, rising
 social costs and aging, and the need for infrastructure
 upgrading for urbanization are putting enormous fiscal
 stress on cities. The financing capacity of municipalities
 is greatly affected because of the decline in the tax base,
 expenditure pressures, and growing and more expensive debt.
 Today's urban fiscal crisis is similar to that
 experienced in the 1970s, but the growing urbanization in
 the world and massive increase in municipal access to
 financial markets create a new context. This paper surveys
 three important topics related to the urban fiscal crisis in
 developed and developing countries: How do cities finance
 themselves? When they have access to financial markets,
 should city managers use loans, own revenues or
 private-public partnerships to pay for municipal
 expenditures? And what are the remedies to municipal fiscal
 crises in case of insolvency?
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Tunisia Urban Development and Local Governance Program : Fiduciary Systems Assessment ReportAs part of the preparation of the Tunisia Urban and Local Governance Program (ULGP) using the Program for Results (PforR) instrument of the World Bank, the Bank task team carried out a Fiduciary Systems Assessment (FSA) of the Program in accordance with OP/BP 9.0. Based on the findings of the FSA, it is concluded that Program Fiduciary Systems have the capabilities to provide reasonable assurance that the financing proceeds will be used for intended purposes. However considering the existing weaknesses in Program Fiduciary systems, the residual fiduciary risk rating for the Program is rated as Substantial. The Program will finance a portion of the Government of Tunisia s (GoT) existing program for financing municipal service delivery that involves a combination of Capital Grants, and Loans in addition to the Own Source Revenues generated by the municipalities themselves. The PforR Program intends to reform the system of Capital Grants by making it predictable and based on an allocation formula that is principle based and transparent. It has been agreed with client counterparts that GoT will issue a Decree prior to the start of the Program that will spell out the design and operating rules of the reformed capital grant. Indicative allocations for Capital Grants will be included in the Five Year Plans and indicative allocations will be provided by MoEF in advance of the annual plan preparations. The budget allocations for Capital Grants will be transferred from the Treasury Current Account at the Central Bank (BCT) to the Caisse des Prêts et de Soutien des Collectivités Locales (CPSCL) (referred to as the Caisse), who will act as the Program Manager for the ULGP. Caisse will in turn transfer the grant funds to municipalities in accordance with the operating rules for the Unconditional and Conditional Capital Grants. Preliminary assessment of the Program expenditure framework shows that in addition to the changes in the design of the Capital grant through the proposed decree, additional steps such as publishing the indicative allocations of capital grants in advance and reforming the existing system of multiple ex-ante checks and controls into a coordinated system of ex-post controls are necessary for the efficient implementation of the proposed Program.