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Mexico - Low-Carbon Development : Main ReportThis study analyzes a range of energy
 efficiency options available in Mexico, including
 supply-side efficiency improvements in the electric power
 and oil and gas industries and demand-side electricity
 efficiency measures to limit high-growth energy-consuming
 activities, such as air conditioning and refrigeration. It
 also evaluates a range of renewable energy options that make
 use of the country's vast wind, solar, biomass, hydro,
 and geothermal resources. But low-carbon (CO2) development
 is not only about energy production and consumption. In
 Mexico one of the most important sources of greenhouse gas
 emissions continues to be emissions from deforestation. The
 rate of deforestation has fallen steadily in Mexico over the
 past decades. Expanded programs for forest management,
 wildlife conservation, and efforts to increase the stock of
 forests can provide needed employment in rural areas and
 help make Mexican forests net absorbers of CO2 in the coming
 years. A fundamental question often asked about low-cost
 mitigation options is why they are not already being
 undertaken. As the study shows, the availability of
 commercial technology and even low financial costs is often
 not enough to overcome barriers related to institutional and
 knowledge gaps, regulatory and legal constraints, or
 societal norms. Inability to surmount these
 'transactions costs' is typically at the root of
 the problem of why supposedly low-cost actions are not
 undertaken. To partially overcome this dilemma, one of the
 explicit criteria used in this study for identifying
 low-carbon measures was that they had already been
 implemented on some scale in Mexico or in a similar economy
 outside of Mexico. In order to mainstream low-carbon
 development, a package of new stimuli will be needed,
 including public and consumer education and training, public
 demonstrations, standards and regulations, and financial incentives.
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Mexico - Estudio sobre la disminución de emisiones de carbonoThis study analyzes a range of energy efficiency options available in Mexico, including supply-side efficiency improvements in the electric power and oil and gas industries and demand-side electricity efficiency measures to limit high-growth energy-consuming activities, such as air conditioning and refrigeration. It also evaluates a range of renewable energy options that make use of the country's vast wind, solar, biomass, hydro, and geothermal resources. But low-carbon (CO2) development is not only about energy production and consumption. In Mexico one of the most important sources of greenhouse gas emissions continues to be emissions from deforestation. The rate of deforestation has fallen steadily in Mexico over the past decades. Expanded programs for forest management, wildlife conservation, and efforts to increase the stock of forests can provide needed employment in rural areas and help make Mexican forests net absorbers of CO2 in the coming years. A fundamental question often asked about low-cost mitigation options is why they are not already being undertaken. As the study shows, the availability of commercial technology and even low financial costs is often not enough to overcome barriers related to institutional and knowledge gaps, regulatory and legal constraints, or societal norms. Inability to surmount these 'transactions costs' is typically at the root of the problem of why supposedly low-cost actions are not undertaken. To partially overcome this dilemma, one of the explicit criteria used in this study for identifying low-carbon measures was that they had already been implemented on some scale in Mexico or in a similar economy outside of Mexico. In order to mainstream low-carbon development, a package of new stimuli will be needed, including public and consumer education and training, public demonstrations, standards and regulations, and financial incentives.
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Climate Change and the World Bank Group : Phase II - The Challenge of Low-Carbon DevelopmentThe first volume of Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) series (IEG 2009) examined World Bank experience with the promotion of the most important win-win (no regrets) energy policies, policies that combine domestic gains with global greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions. These included energy pricing reform and policies to promote energy efficiency. This second phase covers the entire World Bank Group (WBG), including the International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). It assesses of interventions, from technical assistance to financing to regulatory reform. This project-eye view of activities pertains to all the action areas of the Strategic Framework on Development and Climate Change (SFDCC). The third phase will look at the challenge of adaptation to climate change. The WBG's resources, human and financial, are small compared to the task at hand. The International Energy Agency estimates that developing and transition countries need $16 trillion of energy sector investments over 2008-30 under 'business as usual' operations, plus an additional $5 trillion to shift to an ambitiously low-carbon path. Much more is needed for sustainable land and forest management and for urban transport. So a prime focus of this evaluation is how the WBG can get the most leverage, the widest positive impact on both development and climate change mitigation, from its limited resources.