Islamic Relief2019-09-252019-09-252012-07-192009-02http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12424/186452Trade has the potential to contribute to the process of sustainable development as well as to undermine it. For many countries and communities, today’s uneven playing field in trade systems does the latter, and is a major contributor to maintaining poverty and deepening existing inequalities. In 2006, according to research by ‘Global Financial Integrity’1, developing countries lost an estimated $858.6 billion – $1.06 trillion in “illicit financial outflows”2. Due to the fact that official statistics cannot fully capture the volume of illicit financial flows from developing countries, estimates of these flows based on existing economic models are likely to understate the actual problem. Hence, normalized estimates of illicit flows from developing countries and regions are likely to be extremely conservativeengWith permission of the license/copyright holderIslamic ethicsReligious ethicsBioethicsCommunity ethicsPreprint