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Genesis 9, Noah’s Covenants and Jewish Theology of ReligionsGenesis 9 plays an important role in contemporary Jewish theology of religions. The covenant with Noah is understood as the universal covenant, providing a balance to the particularity of the covenant with Abraham. Such an understanding is found in the works of Jonathan Sacks, Irving Greenberg, and Jon Levenson. This article offers a novel reading of Genesis 9 as a covenant of no-harm, in which both parties commit to avoid inflicting harm upon one another. It introduces a novel typology to covenant studies and undermines our ability to read Genesis 9 in line with the covenants with Abraham and Israel at Sinai. Beyond the contribution to the theological discussion, the article raises the question of the impact of biblical interpretation on theology. The final part of the article offers an alternative reading of the theological import of Noah’s covenant. It is as powerful creator that God is encountered in Genesis 9, rather than as relational partner. If one does not enter into relationship with God, one can at least know him, and the covenant of no harm becomes a means of knowing God.
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Energy optimization and its effects on the environmental repercussions of honey productionIn this study, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approaches were applied to quantify the environmental repercussions and optimize the energy input flow of the beekeeping units in Babol region, Mazandaran Province, Iran. Environmental impacts were assessed in the form of three categories including Global Warming Potential (GWP), Land Use and Water Consumption based on ReCiPe (H) on the midpoint level. Required data were collected from 44 beekeepers by questionnaires and face-to-face interview. The results of environmental assessment showed high contribution of the sugar in all three categories as of global warming, land use and water consumption (88.4, 99.8, and 99.8%, respectively). Based on the results obtained from DEA method, 48% of the units, were evaluated as the inefficient. The lowest energy use efficiency was related to the drug, small truck and diesel fuel inputs, respectively, which 25.1, 13.6, and 12.7% of their energy can be saved through energy flow optimization. Diesel fuel and sugar showed the highest effect to the potential of total energy saving with the contribution of 51, and 36.4%, respectively. The results related to the environmental profiles of the inefficient units, showed that the optimization can mitigate the environmental impacts by 2–27%, which depends on the efficiency scores of the beekeeping units. As can be inferred from the findings of the present study, reconsidering the honeybee feeding techniques and finding a suitable alternative for sugar seem to be necessary.
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The impact of agroforestry practice on forest conservation and community livelihood improvement: A case of Buno Bedele Zone of west Ethiopia'S Chora districtThis study aimed to evaluate how agroforestry practices affected community livelihoods and forest preservation in the Chora district, Buno Bedele Zone of western Ethiopia. The study's methodology was cross-sectional research. Three farmer villages, Sokolo, Baja, and Hawayemobir, were randomly selected based on their agroforestry practices. For the interview, a group of 15 key informants was formed. Both primary and secondary data sources were used for data collection. Microsoft Excel 2010 and statistical software for social science (SPSS) version 26.0 were used to analyze the data. The average age of the inhabitants in the research region was 44.09 years, the average family size was 4.60, they had a low level of education, and the average size of the farmland was 3.2194 ha. The use of agroforestry for shade, fuel wood, and income significantly varies based on education level, occupation, and the size of the family and land (p < 0.05). The average yearly income from agroforestry is 24,742.09 ETB, and it ranges from 8000 to 50,000 ETB. The products and services obtained from agroforestry practices were fuel wood at 82.4%, construction materials at 62.9%, fodder at 62.9%, medicine at 57.2%, income at 82.4%, and shade/shelter at 82.4% in the study area. Community perception of the study area revealed that 55.76% strongly agreed, 35.97% agreed, 6.83% neutral, and 1.44% were not agreed with the role of agroforestry practices on biological conservation. The current finding pointed out that agroforestry practice plays a significant role in community livelihood enhancement and natural forest conservation in the study area. Therefore, all concerned bodies should give considerable attention to agroforestry development sustainably.
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Data-driven supporting of Schwartz attitude model for a deeper understanding of sustainability awareness in Eastern European countriesIn the 2030 agenda of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) formulated by the UN in 2015, strict expectations were formulated for the signatory countries, so the countries of the world are implementing sustainability interventions that enable the implementation of the agenda. It is important to highlight that different social and economic systems require different political solutions, one of which is social acceptance. In this research, the results of the questionnaire attitude survey of Eastern European countries are connected with their macroeconomic indicators, in which changes over time are expressed in their ability to achieve sustainable development goals. The results of the WB data showed a more self-sacrificing, more open to social participation. Data-driven development trajectories can be accepted by the residents of a given country if the trajectories generated by the questionnaire are similar. The results of the research shed light on the differences in the national sustainability policies and the thinking of the population, thus laying the foundation for the inclusion of public participation and its importance in the strategic plan.