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德吕舍尔的动物伦理学思想初探[Insights of Droescher's animal ethics]
趙芊里
趙芊里
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德吕舍尔最富于创新性的动物伦理学思想可概括为：一、自然界的生存法则是“适者生存”，而非“强者生存，弱者灭亡”；物种、群体及个体间的最佳关系是和谐共存，而非你死我活、势不两立的斗争。各个物种、群体及个体应该根据自身的特点在自然界所提供的食物市场上找到自己的市场缺口和定位并由此合理划分觅食时空从而避免互相冲突和伤害的恶性竞争以便达到和谐共存的目的。二、动物的婚配方式是其所处的环境中的自然与社会条件对由繁衍本能所决定的自然的“博爱”倾向加以限制或提供支持的结果。只要不乱伦，动物的两性关系不妨尽可能自由并尽可能被宽容。三、自私或利己是动物的本性，也是动物能做出利他乃至在一定程度上无私的行为的基础和归宿。不损人的利己是合理的，损人的利己是不合理的。四、对于群居动物来说，个体的无私奉献是群体能够应对来自外界的威胁从而得以存在的必要条件，个体的普遍自私状态则会导致群体乃至物种的灭亡。为了物种或群体的生存和兴旺，群居动物中的个体应该具备一定的无私奉献、团结互助的集体主义精神。 The most innovative thoughts of animal ethnics of Vitus B. Droescher could be generalized as the following four parts: 1. On animal economic behaviors: The natural law of existence is that ‘’the fitter will survive”, that is, every species can survive regardless of their being strong or weak so long as everyone of them can find his living space or way which suits himself and does not conflicts with others at the same time, but not that “the strong will survive, and the weak will be extinguished ”, that is, the strong exists depending on his supplanting, oppressing and even eliminating the weak, and on the other hand, the weak can only perish under the supplantation, oppression and injuries made by the strong on them.The best relationship between species, colonies and individuals is harmonious coexistence, but not life-and-death struggle. Every kind of species or colony or individual should find their own gap and position in the natural foods market according to their own speciality and then divide the space or time of looking for foods between them reasonably so that they could avoid vicious competitions of conflicting and hurting each other and gain the ends of the biologic world of harmonious coexistence and co-development. 2. On animal intersexual behaviors: The multiplicational instinct of biology has decided that animals are always inclined to have and keep intersexual relationship with as many individuals as possible of the opposite sex so that they could multiply as many descendants as possible. The modes of match of animals are the results of the limits or supports imposed by the natural and social conditions on the natural tendency of wide-love which is determined by the multiplicational instinct. In order to avoid the degeneration of the species, animals should guard the final moral line on intersexual relationship, that is, not being incestuous. So long as not being incestuous, the intersexual relationship between animals might be as free as possible and the freedom might be tolerated as far as possible, since animals’ seeking and keeping multiplicate intersexual relationship with as many individuals as possible of the opposite sex are all naturally reasonable at a certain extent. 3. On selfishness and altruism and their relationship: The selfishness or self-benefiting is the nature of animals, and is also the foundation and the end-result of the behaviors which could be done by animals which are altruistic on direct effect but selfish on ultimate motive and even that which is selfless. There should be a basic moral line on the animal behaviors of seeking for personal benefits, that is, not being harmful to others; and the demarcative line for the judgment of whether a selfish behavior of animals is reasonable or not might be defined as following: The self-benefiting behavior which is harmless to others is reasonable, but that which is harmful to others is unreasonable. 4. On the relationship between selflessness and the existence of a species: As for the gregarious animals whose individuals are unable to solve the basic survival problems independently and therefore they need to form a colony and by which they are able to solve these problems, the existence of the colony is one of the preconditions for that of the individuals. The selfless dedication to the colony from a certain amount of the individuals in it is the necessary condition for a colony being able to cope with the menaces from the outside and then to exist right along, and the universal selfish condition of individuals could cause the extinction of a colony or even a species. Therefore, as for the gregarious animals in which there is a relationship of depending on each other for their existence between the individuals and the colony, the individuals should be provided with certain spirits of collectivism that they are willing to do selfless dedication to the colony or species and to keep together and to help each other for the sake of the existence and thriftiness of the colony or the species which they belong to.
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2008
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